Aint No Mountain High Enough by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell free essay sample

Only a couple of decades back, Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell recorded a tune named â€Å"Ain’t No Mountain High Enough†, that got radio broadcasts by storm. The energetic and deep style of music, alongside sweet verses that would make any young lady swoon, was a furor of 1967 that has proceeded from that point onward. Most would perceive this tune as one added to the Grammy Hall of Fame, a piece composed by Nikolas Ashford and Valerie Simpson, or as the celebrated song that made it as a main twenty hit. Anyway it’s to be known, this supernatural two part harmony between â€Å"The Prince of Motown† and his exquisite accomplice has the most grounded of characters. Opening with the vocals of Marvin Gaye and an energetic foundation, â€Å"Ain’t No Mountain High Enough† is fit for dazzling any crowd. Following the flawless presentation, Tammi Terrell’s voice is brought into the playful music and a great romantic tale unfolds. We will compose a custom article test on Aint No Mountain High Enough by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page From start to finish, these two craftsmen sing of a cheerful, ceaseless love. With verses, for example, â€Å"Remember the day, I set you free/I disclosed to you could generally rely on me, darling† and â€Å"I’ll be there when you need me†, any individual who hears this melody gets enveloped with the enthusiasm. Regardless of whether audience members have experienced a situation like the one depicted in the verses, or just turned out to be wonderfully lost in the fantasy that they also would have another adoration them so much, they feel a more profound association. It’s an ideal romantic tale, loaded up with desperate dedication that is altogether relatable. This melody is an awesome exemplary. From the beginning loaded up with energy, the luring center, and a staggering blur to a nearby, Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell carried numerous extraordinary credits what exactly would turn into an amazingly critical melody. Genuinely exemplifying the title of the best tune at any point made, â€Å"Ain’t No Mountain High Enough† will top the outlines for a very long time!

Pans Labyrinth Analysis Free Essays

Viewable Cues, Harassed Symbolism and the Grim Fantasy Unlike other ecstatically charmed film types, this reminiscent fantasy turns into a strange getaway into crafted by Guillermo Del Toro. This chilling story limits pretend stanzas reality through the eyes of a little youngster. Two universes are spoken to inside Pan’s Labyrinth, a chilly hard fundamentalist system in Spain, and an enamoring fantasyland both passed on through visual narrating. We will compose a custom exposition test on Skillet Labyrinth Analysis or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now The striking oddity of the dreamland becomes appearance as a general rule, giving little obvious prompts that expansion as the story unfurls, revealing a dismal communication among Ophelia and the new world she has experienced. The style turns into the account inside the film, and the utilization of mise-en-scene helps the movies express importance, by giving associations between the blending scenes. Del Toro utilizes standard and non-standard methodologies in film, which addresses the crowd either deliberately or through the sub cognizant, so the complexity of the real world and creative mind is rendered. The style all through Pan’s Labyrinth is basic for making emotional dynamic all through the film; the meticulousness turns into a savage part to mise-en-scene, and irritates imagery. In the start of the scene, Ofelia strolls toward the camera in quest for the little animal she seen during her movements. The outward appearance is dumbfounding, anyway she needs to find out additional. The desire to concentrate new thoughts can be seen truly while she seizes onto her books, in the interim assistants dump her different things. The grip on her books turns into the distinguisher between pretend and reality. As Ofelia moves towards the camera, she drops her pile of books, inferring that she has relinquished her world to follow the little curious animal. During this, men are strolling around in uniform, underscoring the exacting, dreariness and unforgiving truth of Ofelias new condition. Men lined straight recommend this new spot is all together, with schedule that will not be upset and surely a bad situation for a meandering creative mind. As Ofelia runs toward the woods, she is running towards her new predetermination, comparing her eagerness to avoid, escaping her new reality. Upon her appearance into the woods, the maze is presented just because. Dull shadows are casted among the stone speaking to the specific obscure that will be confronted. The primary pathway driving into the Labyrinth is splendidly lit, as to seem inviting and warming. The uniqueness between the haziness of the portal and the daintiness of the way can be induced as a specific notice, some risk will be presented before the black market can be reached. As Ofelia strolls towards the passageway, taking little, slow advances, the inclination turns into a programmed change from reality to dream, and a feeling of tumbling down the bunny opening emerges. The passageway into the Labyrinth seems immaculate, with greenery and bushes becoming over the dividers, an unmistakable difference from the coldblooded cruel network ran by the Captain. The dividers give off an impression of being endured and lessening in time, the time it has taken to locate the lost princess. The quietness of the space forms into a bit of serenity from the outside world combined with a fantasy of trust in Ofelia, another departure she will before long learn of. All through Pan’s Labyrinth, shallow shading is utilized with a great deal of dim and unbiased tones threw in reality, contrasted with the rich banquet of hues in the black market. During this arrangement in any case, the two universes have not yet been recognized, so the shading separation is inconspicuous, warm hues are utilized that give a feeling of solace. Dim shadows are casted among the dividers making the obscure predominant to the watcher, coordinating our eye down the dull way that leads further into the Labyrinth. These hues recommend a having a place for Ophelia, a spot where she is needed back. This inclination never leaves for Ofelia, she takes part in various levels to get an opportunity at her new life in the dreamland. Getting achy to visit the family for a spot she has never been or recalls. The dress assumes a job in continuing the mise-en-scene in this film. Ofelia is wearing boring dressing alongside her mom. Creating the way of life from which they originated from, and a uniqueness that is locked onto them when being brought to this new home. They right away become the outcasts from the earliest starting point, generally perceived during the panning shot of the camp while Ofelia turns out to be more fascinated by the pixies return. Tight, formally dressed men arranged straight differentiated against a youthful inquisitive, frump young lady. The style of garments not just recognizes the connection between the newcomers, Ofelia and her Mother, to the military camp, yet in addition positions an additional association among Ofelia and Mercedes. As Mercedes shows up to disclose the Labyrinth to Ofelia, her garments are standard and dull a lot of like that of Ofelia. The disparate impression that Mercedes has from the camp interests to Ofelia, and a relationship is reinforced. The garments turns into a staple into the closeness that these two characters will later share. This relationship isn't just decision of style, rather the craving for a getaway. When the solider comes up and requests Mercedes, despair comes to over her face as she pivots, setting Ofelia out of sight of the shot, however rapidly the little youngster comes to back up to Mercedes, supporting their relationship has started. Trust has begun to assemble when Ofelia clarifies the relationship or absence of one with the Captain, as Mercedes folds her arm over Ofelia, finishing the security of their relationship. These little obvious signals help the watcher set up thoughts, which the Story may before long lead into. Getting mindful of these picked components can assist watchers with anticipating story parts. Mise-en-scene plans the style as a type of narrating. Guillermo Del Toro approach is dreamlike and gives a great deal of expressive decision in convincing this magnificently made fantasy. Pan’s Labyrinth turns out to be less about the unequivocal importance; yet rather the inferred visual markers drives the watcher to reflect increasingly about the centrality then the story. The most effective method to refer to Pans Labyrinth Analysis, Essay models

More Information on Social Justice Research

More Information on Social Justice ResearchSocial justice research is not a hot topic on the internet. For those who use the internet, you will find that there are very few sites that allow this type of research, which is why there is so little on the internet. However, many people are beginning to take interest in this type of research and there are many different subjects that have been looked at for social studies research.One of the best places to look for social justice research is the internet. It will provide you with tons of links to different topics that you may be interested in. If you choose to research these types of issues at the library, you will find that the research you will find will be done in a similar way. You will need to access books to be able to get the information that you need, and you may have to pay for this access.There are many different books that will teach you about social justice research topics. These books can provide you with just as much informa tion as the internet, but the books will cost you less money to purchase. This is why you should always consider this type of research before you make the decision of spending your hard earned money.The most common topic that is covered in social justice research topics is race. There are many different races that are used for these studies, but there are also different reasons that these races are chosen. For example, if a person has a different skin color from the majority, it is more important for that person to be looked at carefully because of their different skin color.There are also many different causes that are looked at in the study of these social causes. For example, people are often encouraged to take an action against racism if they see that someone is doing something wrong that is un-American. There are many different social groups that can be involved in this type of action, so everyone is able to take part in the action.Other major issues that are looked at include gender roles. Because there are different roles for men and women, it is important to look at how the roles are broken down. Both men and women have the same rights as each other, but sometimes people feel that they are being treated differently because of their gender roles.There are also different types of discrimination that people face on a daily basis. This includes different types of religion, age, sexual orientation, and disability. This makes it difficult for many people to accept that the discrimination that they experience is not against them, but instead against someone else.There are many different issues that can be covered in this field of study. These issues range from many different topics that you may have never thought of before. It is possible to find more information on social justice research than you might think, and this can help you see that there is more to learn than you would ever have imagined.

Parody - Definition and Examples of Parodies in English

Essay on Sexual Victimization of Women - 1160 Words

According to a statement addressing the sexual victimization of college women The Crime and Victimization in America states that, â€Å" One out of four women will be sexually assaulted on a college campus.† This disturbing fact has not minimized throughout the years, instead it is continuing to worsen throughout college campuses. Sexual assault is not an act to be taken lightly. Society must stop pinpointing the individuals who commit these crimes one by one, but rather look at the problem as a whole and begin to understand the main cause of sexual assault and possible methods to reduce these acts of sexual coercion. Definition of Rape It was once acceptable for men to have full control over women, declaring when they will marry and when†¦show more content†¦A majority of these sexual assaults occur in college parties, especially private house parties, known as â€Å"fraternity or athletic team parties† Fraternity or athletic teams often express their masculine characteristics, trying to prove their dominance and popularity over the college campus. It is said that, â€Å"Several aspects of fraternity culture serve to create an environment for sexual coercion. Fraternities define masculinity in a very narrow way, emphasizing traditional male roles, such as athleticism, power, money, dominance, and an ability to consume alcohol† (Boeringer et al., 1991). The consumption of alcohol at college parties plays a dominant role on the actions of sexual assault that take place. It is due to these wild, unsupervised, gatherings that girls are put in unsafe situations. Although in many situations the male figure is the one initiating the â€Å"spontaneous† act of sexual assault, there have been studies that have proven that their is a process of victimization. Victimization is defined as the act of singling someone for cruel or unjust treatment. Women may not realize, but many of their choices and actions may lead them into risky and/or harmful situations. In a study done by Koss, Gidycz, and Wisniewski (1987) 339Show MoreRelatedViolent And Sexual Victimization Of Women On College Campuses1143 Words   |  5 PagesIt is no secret that violent and sexual victimization of women in college campuses occurs at a high rate. However, repeat victimization, or the occurrence of the same victimization happening more than once to the same individual, is rarely discussed. Daigle et al., conducted a study to find if repeat victimization was an issue among the women being victimized violently and sexually on college campuses. The findings can be related to different th eories of criminology and victimology. Considering theRead MoreChild Abuse and Revicitmization896 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Women with a childhood abuse history are around 1.4 to 3.7 times more likely to be sexually assaulted in adulthood, and a majority (around 59%) of women with either childhood sexual assaults (CSA) or adult assaults have experienced both† (Cloitre Rosenberg, 2006). Revictimization for prior victims is an important topic in our society. Knowing and understanding the cycle of abuse can help prevent future victimization for such a vulnerable population. â€Å"This interest is grounded in evidence thatRead MoreSexual Victimization And The Campus Climate Survey Validation Study843 Words   |  4 PagesConsiderable interest has been paid to the occurrence of sexual acts on U.S. university campuses in the past decade. The Clery Act pushed for a greater focus on the prevention of and the response to campus sexual victimization. Campus crime statistics were to be made publicly accessible in efforts to increase transparency between universities and students. Rape figures collected from postsecondary institutions have been increasing since data collection began in 2001. As of 2014, four-year or aboveRead MoreThe Impact Of Sexual Child Abuse On America1517 Words   |  7 Pages The Impact of Sexual Child Abuse in America Child abuse has been going on for many years. There are many forms of child abuse, however, there is one that is far worse than the rest; sexual abuse. Children has a natural instinct to trust too easily and believe what people tell them, especially if they know those people. Statistics show very high figures of sexual child abuse in America. When children undergo sexual abuse, it impacts their whole being. There are physicalRead MoreThe Effects Of Sexual Assault On College Campuses1610 Words   |  7 PagesA common worry of female freshman is the threat of sexual assault victimization on her college campus. Although the emotional treatment of sexual victimization is prevalent on campuses nationwide, research has neglected to explore the effect the assault has on academic performance (Faravelli, Guigni, Salvatori, Ricci, 2004). Can being sexually victimized within the first or second semester of a female’s freshman year of college negatively impact academic performance? Cur rent research has shownRead MoreIntimate Partner And Sexual Violence1555 Words   |  7 PagesNational Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence 2010 survey, will provide statistical information on victims who experienced one or more violent crimes from their husband, wife, boyfriend or girlfriend. These crimes arrange from stalking, rape, to physical and mental abuse. It will examine the impact of intimate partner violence on gender, race, and ethnicity. This report will give an overview of health consequences and the implications for prevention for Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence. Lastly, thisRead MoreA Historical Context That Changed Perspectives985 Words   |  4 PagesFirst are historical explanations, which describe crimes through past events, and the second are situational explanations, which describe crimes incidents through circumstances. This approach utilized to describe group differences when it comes to victimization and trends in crime rates. From sociologistsâ€℠¢ point of view, routine activities theory classifies normal activities and illegal ones and explains some odd associations between beneficial social change and increasing crime rate. It is importantRead MoreCampus Crime : The Dark Side Of The Ivory Tower1456 Words   |  6 Pagesattention and is regularly reported in both print and electronic media. Specific and general legislation has also been passed in order to prevent campus crime from occurring as well as to educate those who are either in danger of victimization or have the ability to prevent victimization and assure that justice is done. However, campus crime is not a new issue in regard to its occurrence, only in that it has finally attracted both public and media attention. Furthermore, Sloan III and Fisher (2011) suggestRead MoreIPV Essay1733 Words   |  7 PagesDISCUSSIONS The study reveals that there is a difference in the experience of IPV against women in urban and rural areas. Table 1 shows that rural women were more likely to experience physical, sexual, and psychological IPV than urban women. In terms of the association between place of residence and IPV, the study showed that urban women experience physical and psychological IPV than rural women and this finding agrees with the study by Balogun, Eme, and Olufunmilayo (2012). This finding is differentRead MoreAdult Sexual Assault Of Men Essay1557 Words   |  7 Pages3. Methods Types of research in Prevalence and consequences of adult sexual assault of men: Review of empirical findings and state of the literature, consisted of systematic research of empirical studies on men at ASA published in the last 25 years. The research consisted of 204 potentially relevant articles on this topic. These articles were limited by empirical articles consisting of men addressed at ASA in North America and Europe. When researching sexually abused male victims whether to use behaviorally

The Homelessness And Its Effects On Women - 762 Words

Although homelessness may be difficult and isolating for anyone who experiences it, there are certain adversities specific to women. Whether cisgender or transgender, those who identify as women often have additional hardships when homeless (Shier, Jones, Graham, 2011). A society in which women are paid 77 cents to a man’s dollar, it is apparent women are seen as the lesser gender and are subject to different difficulties; this is evidenced in multiple studies concerning women experiencing homelessness (David, Rowe Ponce, 2015; Sayers, 2012; Shier, Jones, Graham, 2011; Whitbeck, Armenta, Gentzler, 2015). David, Rowe, Stacheli and Ponce (2015) surveyed homeless women with both mental illnesses and substance abuse problems and 100 percent reported to be victims of physical or sexual assault. Additionally, Shier, Jones, and Graham (2011) studied homeless women who expressed the lack of shelter space for women, and they found many shelters are catered to men only. Another stud y on intersectionality of homeless women found women experiencing homelessness are three times more likely to have posttraumatic stress disorder than women in the general population (Whitbeck, Armenta, Gentzler, 2015). Due to these facts, women experiencing homelessness are clearly subject to unique exploitations and vulnerabilities. It is also important to understand that various intersections of race, culture, sexuality, age, and physical and mental health conditions contribute to the severityShow MoreRelatedHomeless in The United States 1309 Words   |  6 PagesHomelessness is a problem that happens in many different countries around the world. Definitions of homelessness are defined in different meanings by different people. However, the Stewart B. McKinney Act defines a homeless person as â€Å" one who lacks a fixed permanent nighttime residence or whose nighttime residence is a temporary shelter, welfare hotel, or any public or private place not designed as sleeping accom modations for human beings† (McNamara 1025). It is impossible to find out exactly theRead MoreThe State of Homelessness in the United States Essay586 Words   |  3 PagesHomelessness became a huge problem in everywhere especially in the USA. Most people heard homeless people, and they saw homeless people in the streets, markets, or bridges. Most people never try to understand why there is much homelessness. Most people do not know any facts about them seem the truth of homelessness, the state of homelessness in the United States, and the effect on people from homelessness. Many causes become the answers to homeless people. The most easy understanding of homelessnessRead MoreThe Effects of Homelessness on Children1654 Words   |  7 Pagesmental abuse and drug use. Homelessness gained public attention in the late 1970s because homelessness became more visible when it began to include women and children. Today homelessness can be linked to various other problems. It is estimated that 200,000 thousand Canadians have lived in or used the services of a homeless shelter. On any given night, as many as 30,000 thousand Canadians experience homelessness and as many as 50,000 thousand Canadians may be â€Å"hidden homelessness† victims. In other wordsRead MoreCauses And Effects Of Homelessness Essay1267 Words   |  6 Pages Causes and effects of homelessness in industrialized countries Student Name Institution â€Æ' Introduction Homelessness is the lack of a place to leave or sleep especially during the night. Homeless people do not have proper housing, security and most of them sleep in different places depending on various conditions. Homelessness definition can vary in countries or in various regions in the same country. According to Evans, L., Strathdee in the book â€Å"A roof is not enough†, he explainsRead MoreHomelessness And The United Kingdom1747 Words   |  7 PagesHomelessness has been a globalised concern for centuries. In United Kingdom homelessness predominantly describes in the lines homeless legislation such the Housing Act (2004) and Homeless persons Act (2002) Burrows, Pleace and Quilgars, (2004). This in predominantly surrounding who is perceived as homeless based certain criteria whereby the individual cannot be intentional homeless. However, priority is given to women who have children and women who are vulnerable, in cases such as domestic violenceRead MoreHomelessness and C hildhood Development Essay976 Words   |  4 Pagesexperience homelessness in youth. Homelessness at such an early and integral stage in one’s life presents lasting consequences and we must work to better understand, prevent and reverse the effects of homelessness on children. â€Æ' Homelessness is a widespread issue that in recent years has only worsened with the downturn in the economy and a never-ending war. Of this very vulnerable population however there is within an even more vulnerable population, the children affected by homelessness. We as a societyRead MoreViolence Against Women Is A Women’S Health Issue Stemming1465 Words   |  6 PagesViolence against women is a women’s health issue stemming from the cultural acceptance of the power dynamic between men and women. Specifically, men are socialized to be more powerful, commanding and assert themselves in the public sphere. While females are socialized to be more docile, reserved, obedient and to consume as little space as possible – both physically and figuratively. This mindset is something that adversely affects the health of women, taking away her autonomy, and subverting herRead MoreAmerican Journal Reviews of Child and Family Homelessness720 Words   |  3 Pagesand Family H omelessness: Where are we Now? American Journal of Public Health 103.2 (2013): E1-E10. ProQuest. Web. 1 Mar. 2014. Roy Grant, M.A., et al. conducted a review of family and childhood homelessness over a course between a twenty-five year span of the 1980’s to 2013. They reviewed journal articles, government reports, and news stories to find any changes in conditions or the amount of family and childhood homelessness. The review concluded family and childhood homelessness still existsRead MoreNegative Effects Of Homelessness1446 Words   |  6 Pagesthemselves the question, â€Å"Does homelessness affect me at all?† Typically, if homelessness isn’t affecting a certain individual or anyone that they’re close to, they tend to not want to help. From previous research done by Pergantis, Tolliver, Bishop, 2016, it is a known fact that about 578,242 people in America are considered to be homeless. People who were homeless back then done by were considered as disconnected from the world and they have also encountered psychological effects. Other writers likeRead MoreEssay on The Challenges and Effects of Being Homelessness1599 Words   |  7 PagesHomelessn ess affects families ways of living. Many within the country are faced with the challenges of homelessness. They have to suffer from many challenges physically and mentally. It affects the whole family from before they were born until the day they die. Homelessness affects their jobs and education also. Homelessness has a big impact on their life. Homelessness affects a vast number of people. In the United States over 100 million people are homeless (Stearman 9). In fact, between 600,000

Part One Introduction to The Law in Shakespeare Essay Example For Students

Part One Introduction to The Law in Shakespeare Essay Part One Introduction to The Law in Shakespeare SHAKESPEAREquot;S persistent and correct use of law terms was long ago noticed and caused the conjecture that he must have studied in an attorneyquot;s office. What is the truth in this respect will probably never be certainly known; but that he was more addicted to the employment of legal nomenclature than any English writer excepting, of course, the jurists is incontestable. The work of winter evenings, commenced long ago, as an incident to habitual study of the works of him who converted the elements which awaited at his command into entertainments, is submitted with little speculation upon questions concerning which there have been many words and few demonstrations. It is not pretended that every legal phrase which he used is here presented. The aim has been not to extend the task beyond the necessity of proof into a wearisome repetition of expressions which often recur in scores. To the lawyer many of the notes will be needless, though some of them will be found helpful. I have not hesitated to present the definitions of the commonest legal terms. To those unversed in law lore, they will present at a glance the argument intrinsic in the text. Some of the quotations, taken alone, are doubtless of trifling probative force. They are given because, in cumulative testimony, each independent fact is a multiplier. We seem to have here something more than a sciolistquot;s temerity of indulgence in the terms of an unfamiliar art. No legal solecisms will be found. The abstrusest elements of the common law are impressed into a disciplined service with every evidence of the right and knowledge of commanding. Over and over again, where such knowledge is unexampled in writers unlearned in the law, Shakespeare appears in perfect possession of it. In the law of real property, its rules of tenure and descents, its entails, its fines and recoveries, and their vouchers and double vouchers; in the procedure of the courts, the methods of bringing suits and of arrests, the nature of actions, the rules of pleading, the law of escapes, and of contempt of court; in the principles of evidence, both technical and philosophical; in the distinction between the temporal and the spiritual tribunals; in the law of attainder and forfeiture; in the requisites of a valid marriage; in the presumption of legitimacy; in the learning of the law of prerogative; in the inalienable character of the crown, this mastership appears with surprising authority. It is not necessary in accounting for this to assault truth with a paradox, or to put a mask upon the face of the first of men. The law books of that time were few. Shakespearequot;s French is nearly as bad as the law French in which many of them were written; and it is not to be forgotten that to learn must have been easy to this man, whose mental endowments were so universal that the best intellects of after times have vainly essayed to admeasure them. Coleridge has remarked that a young authorquot;s first work almost always bespeaks his recent pursuits. He might have said with equal correctness that any authorquot;s works can never entirely hide his former pursuits. These may be betrayed by the style, or by prejudices, affections, antipathies. or affectations. Gibbon thought that his experience as an officer in the Hampshire militia was of assistance to him in describing that vast mutation in history whereby the Roman world, by a process almost physical in appearance, shifted from temperate simplicity, grandeur, civilization, and solidity to tropical luxury, effeminacy, barbarism, and quick decay. Were every detail of Falconerquot;s and Somervillequot;s lives unknown, it would be certain from their works that the one was a sailor and the other a sportsman. Sir Walter Scott had been called to the bar and his works attest his legal proficiency. We see Fieldingquot;s experience as a magistrate in the examination of Partridge, in the conspiracy between Lady Booby and Lawyer Scout against Fanny, and in that masterpiece of savage irony, the life of the late Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great. We know from the details of mercantile routine in Robinson Crusoe and Colonel Jack that Defoe must have been a merchant. That Thackeray had been an artist is very apparent in his works. Donne, 1572-1631, who had been a student at Lincolnquot;s Inn, satirized a barristerquot;s wooing in law phrase: -he throws, Like nets or lime twigs, wheresoequot;r he goes, His title of barrister on every wench, And woos in language of the pleas and bench. A motion, lady! Speak, Coscus. I have been In love equot;er since tricesimo the queen. Continual claims Iquot;ve made, injunctions got To stay my rivalquot;s suit, that he should not Proceed; spare me, in Hilary term I went; You said if I returned next quot;size in Lent, I should be in remitter of your grace. In thquot; interim my letters should take place Of affidavits. The argument on the present question rests mainly, of course, upon the general and constant employment by Shakespeare of the terms of a science which, in his time, was crabbed and harsh, and which has at any time few points of contact with the graces of literature. There is another special argument of great force, in presenting which my inadequate resources for comparison restrict me to the use of Hamlet, though I have no doubt that corroborative results will be yielded to any one who may make a more extended investigation. Hamlet was published in quarto in 1603. Compared with the final version which appeared in the folio of 1623, it is a magnificent imperfection, but invaluable because it shows how the hand of the master wrought upon his work. From the one to the other we see Shakespearequot;s mind in operation. Its creative processes are disclosed. Its industry is demonstrated. Here are the blotted lines Jonson wished for. We see the growth of immortal blossoms from barren common-places. It is as if some sculptor, with an enchanterquot;s power, had wrought upon an unadorned Milan cathedral through one night, so that the morning showed thousands of carvings and statues where the day before were only walls of unadorned simplicity. If Shakespearequot;s use of legal learning were not that of a full man, with pride in his skill, we should not expect to see, in the changes by which he brought the play to perfection, any additions or elaborations in that respect. But that they do appear most remarkably, the following, in which the text of the quarto is given, together with that of the finished version, will show: Who by a seale compact, well ratified by law And heraldrie? did forfeit with his life all those His lands which he stood seazed of to the conqueror, Against the which a moiety competent Was gaged by our king Quarto. To this Shakespeare added: -which had returned To the inheritance of Fortinbras Had he been vanquisher; as by the same covenant And carriage of the article designed, His fell to Hamlet. Standard Version. He hath, my lord, wrung from me a forced graunt. Quarto. He hath, my lord, wrung from me my slow leave, By laborsome petition, and at last Upon his will I sealed my hard consent. Standard Version. Or that the Everlasting had not fixquot;d His canon quot;gainst self-slaughter! Not in Quarto. Oph. My lord, he hath made many tenders of his love to me. Cor. Tenders. I, I, tenders you may call them. Oph. And withall such earnest vowes. Cor. Springes to catch woodcocks. What, do I not know when the blood cloth burne How prodigall the tongue lends the heart vowes. In brief, be more scanter of your maiden presence, Or tendering thus youquot;l tender mee a foole. Quarto. Oph. He hath, my lord, of late made many tenders Of his affection to me. Pol. Affection! Pooh! You speak like a green girl Unsifted in such perilous circumstance. Do you believe his tenders, as you call them? Oph. I do not know, my lord, what I should think. Pol. Marry, Iquot;ll teach you: think yourself a baby: That you have taquot;en these tenders for true pay Which are not sterling. Tender yourself more dearly: Ornot to crack the wind of the poor phrase, Running it thusyouquot;ll tender me a fool, Standard Version. Do not believe his vows, for they are brokers, Not of that dye which their investments show, But mere implorators of unholy suits, Breathing like sanctified and pious bawds, The better to beguile. Not in Quarto. I did repel his letters, deny his gifts, As you did charge me. Quarto. I did repel his letters, and denied His access to me. Standard Version. For in that dreame of death, when we awake, And borne before our everlasting judge, From whence no passenger euer returned, The undiscovered country, at whose sight The happy smile and the accursed damnquot;d. Quarto. The undiscoverod country from whose bourne No traveller returns. Standard Version. Yet you cannot Play upon me, besides to be demanded by a spunge. Quarto. Besides, to be demanded of a spunge: what replication Should be made by the son of a king? Standard Version. King. Now must your conscience my acquittance seal. * * * * * Laer. It will appear: but tell me Why you proceeded not against these feats So crimeful and so capital in nature. Not in Quarto. First Clo. I say no, she ought not to be buried In Christian burial. Sec. Clo. Why, sir? First Clo. Marry, because sheequot;s drownquot;d. Sec. Clo. But she did not drowne her selfe. First Clo. No, thatquot;s certaine, the water drownquot;d her. Sec. Clo. Yea, but it was against her will. First Clo. No, I deny that; for looke you, sir; I stand here; If the water come to me I drowne not my selfe; But if I goe to the water, and am then drownquot;d, Ergo, I am guiltie of my owne death. Yquot;are gone; goe, yquot;are gone, sir. Sec. Clo. I; but see, she hath Christian burial Because she is a great woman. Quarto. First Clo. Is she to be buried in Christian burial that wilfully seeks her own salvation? Sec. Clo. I tell thee she is: and therefore make her grave straight: the crowner hath sat on her, and finds it Christian burial. First Clo. How can that be, unless she drowned herself in her own defence? Sec. Clo. Why, quot;tis found so. First Clo. It must be quot;se offendendo;quot; it cannot be else. For here lies the point: if I drown myself wittingly, it argues an act: and an act hath three branches: it is, to act, to do, to perform: argal, she drowned herself wittingly. Sec. Clo. Nay, but hear you, goodman delver, First Clo. Give me leave. Here lies the water; good: here stands the man; good: if the man go to this water, and drown himself, it is, will he, nill he, he goes,mark you that; but if the water come to him and drown him, he drowns not himself; argal, he that is not guilty of his own death shortens not his own life. Sec. Clo. But is this law? First Clo. Ay, marry, isquot;t; crownerquot;s quest law. Sec Clo. Will you haquot; the truth onquot;t? If this had not been a gentlewoman, she should have been buried out oquot; Christian burial. Standard Version. Ham. Looke you, therequot;s another, Horatio. Why maiquot;t not be the scull of some Lawyer? Me thinkes he should indite that fellow Of an action of Batterie, for knocking Him about the pate withquot;s shovel: now where is your Quirkes and quillets now, your vouchers and Double vouchers, your leases and free-holde And tenements? Why that same box will scarce Hold the conveiance of his land, and must The honor lie there? O pittifull transformance! I prithee tell me, Horatio, Is parchment made of sheep-skinnes? Hor. I, my lorde, and of calves-skinnes too. Ham. Iquot;faith they proove themselves sheepe and calves That deale with them or put their trust in them. Quarto. Ham. Therequot;s another: why may not that be the skull of a lawyer? Where be his quiddities now, his quillets, his cases, his tenures, and his tricks? why does he suffer this rude knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel, and will not tell him of his action of battery? Hum! This fellow might be in quot;s time a great buyer of land, with his statutes, his recognizances, his fines, his double vouchers, his recoveries: is this the fine of his fines, and the recovery of his recoveries, to have his fine pate full of fine dirt? will his vouchers him no more of his purchases, and double ones too, than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures? The very conveyances of his lands will hardly lie in this box; and must the inheritor himself have no more, ha? Hor. Not a jot more, my lord. Ham. Is not parchment made of sheep-skins? Hor. Ay, my lord, and of calf-skins too. Ham. They are sheep and calves which seek out assurance in that. Standard Version. Ham. An earnest conjuration from the king, As England was his faithful tributary, As love between them like the palm might flourish, As peace should still ber wheaten garland wear And stand a comma quot;tween their amities, And many such-like quot;Asquot;es of great charge, That, on the view and knowing of these contents, Without debasement further, more or less, He should the bearers put to sudden death, Not shriving-time allowquot;d. Hor. How was this sealquot;d! Ham. Why, even in that was heaven ordinant. I had my fatherquot;s signet in my purse, Which was the model of that Danish seal; Folded the writ up in form of the other, Subscribed it, gavequot;t the impression, placed it safely, The changeling never known. Not in Quarto. Hor. No, I am more an antike Roman Than a Dane; here is some poison left. Ham. Upon my love I charge thee let it goe. O fie, Horatio, and if thou shouldsquot;t die What a scandale wouldsquot;t thou leave behind; What tongue should tell the story of our deaths, If not from thee. Quarto. Ham. Had I but timeas this fell sergeant, Death, Is strict in his arrest O, I could tell you But let it be. Horatio, I am dead; Thou livest; report me and my cause aright To the unsatisfied. Hor. Never believe it; I am more an antique Roman than a Dane: Here is yet some liquor left. Ham. As thouquot;rt a man Give me the cup: let go; by heaven, Iquot;ll havequot;t. O good Horatio, what a wounded name, Things standing thus unknown, shall live behind me! If thou didst ever hold me in thy heart, Absent thee from felicity awhile, And in this harsh world draw thy breath in pain, To tell my story. Standard Version. Part Two Introduction to The Law in Shakespeare It thus appears that Shakespeare amplified the statement of the compact with Fortinbras; changed Poloniusquot; term, a forced graunt, to a more formal and elaborate legal expression; inserted the word canon to express a divine law; forced the word tender to an ampler use; called loverquot;s oaths brokers ; caught the idem sonans of the word borne and changed it to bourne as the boundary of that undiscovered country; took the suggestion of the word demanded and asked what replication shall be made; added the request for a sealed acquitance, and the demand why capital crimes had not been proceeded against; rewrote the dialogue between the clowns solely to enlarge it and make it more accurate in its legal meaning, and more relevant to the case in Plowden; reconstructed Hamletquot;s meditations on the lawyerquot;s skull; corrected the inaccurate suggestion of an indictment for an action of battery; struck out the words leases and free-hold e and tenements; added to the enumeration of the devices of money-lenders the words buyer of land, statutes, recognizances, fines, recoveries, all with the greatest pains-taking to be full and accurate; added to the purport of the kingquot;s letter to England and, where Hamlet, in the quarto, merely resists Horatioquot;s attempt to drink the cup by expressing a desire that he should live to tell the story, changed this to an injunction to his friend to live to report me and my cause aright To the unsatisfied. By an unlearned writer such a task of correction and amplification would never have been attempted. By one who was learned in the subject, and who either delighted in it or had the tendency of practice in its employment, it was inevitable that this should be done. In the scene between Hamlet and his fatherquot;s ghost the effect of the juice of cursed hebenon is stated with much detail. This passage was also retouched, but no material change was made. No symptom or effect was a dded. The legal statements were changed throughout. But the former needed correction, for it is very inaccurate. The introduction of poison into the circulation through the porches of the ear, so that the effect will be an instantaneous incrustation of the skin, was a conception of Shakespeare and has no foundation in medical science. It is especially to be noticed that this legal learning is accurately sustained in many passages with cumulative and progressive application. The word employed becomes suggestive of other words, or of a legal principle, and these are at once used so fully that their powers are exhausted. In one scene the lover, wishing a kiss, prays for a grant of pasture on his mistressquot; lips. This suggests the law of common of pasture, and she replies that her lips are no common. This suggests the distinction between tenancy in common and tenancy in severally, the lips being several, and she adds, though several they be. Miranda and Ferdinand simply betroth themselves; sanctimonious ceremonies are intended to follow. In the case of Florizel and Perdita the contract before witnesses is proposed, but the disguised father interrupts the proceedings and prevents a marriage. In the case of Mariana there is a contract of marriage, followed by consummation in the legal and physical sense, and it is not even suggested that this is not a valid marriage. In describing the wager of battle everything is correctly and orderly set forth. The appeal is made; gloves are thrown down and taken up; the lists are set upon the green; proclamation is made; the judges take their places; the king stops the combat by throwing down his warder. The regularity of the process in Shylock v. Antonio is fully pointed out elsewhere. The trial of Queen Catherine opens with a proposition to read the commissions of the judges, citation is made, her appearance is demanded, and she refuses it, because to appear will be a submission to the jurisdiction of the court. This is precisely the ground upon which Mary Stuart stood at her trial, and so insurmountable did her prosecutors deem it to be, that she was cajoled into doing that which Catherine refused. The barbarous penalty of Shylockquot;s bond is a reminiscence of the Twelve Tables, by which the creditors of a delinquent debtor were allowed to cut him into pieces. The Italian novel upon which the play is founded attributes the same penalty to the bond. So does the old ballad of Gernutus. It has been contended that the ballad is the offspring of the play, but incorrectly, because the former contains nothing concerning any woman as a judge, a circumstance too effective to have been omitted by any ballad maker who drew his inspiration from the play. When Hamlet surmises that the skull may be that of a lawyer, a lender of money, he enumerates at once the methods by which loans were secured. The words factor and broker are used with perfect understanding of the technical differences in their meaning. Tamora claims her Roman citizenship through her incorporation into a Roman family under the principle of adoption by marriage. Lear partitions his kingdom, and delivers it by livery of seizin. He entails the crown by apt words. Hermione is accused of adultery, and therefore of treason, according to the statute of Edward III. The validity of the acts of a king de facto and the duty of obedience to him are stated with the most precise understanding of the distinction between officers de facto and those de jure. Helena is a feudal ward. Cade makes a bestial pun, suggested by tenancy in capite, and by an infernal privilege of stupration, which is one of the recondite curiosities of the law. Dromio asserts that there is no time for a bald man to recover his hair. This having been written, the law phrase suggested itself, and he was asked whether he might not do it by fine and recovery, and this suggested the efficiency of that proceeding to bar heirs; and this started the conceit that thus the lost hair of another man would be recovered. A quot;quest of thoughts all tenants to the heart is impaneled to decide the question of title to the visage of the beloved one between the heart and the eye, where the defendant denies the plea, and the verdict is a moiety to each. The remembrance of things past is summoned up to the sessions of sweet, silent thought. These illustrations have been given as they occur to the memory from hundreds of passages to enforce the argument of the probative force of accumulated circumstances from diverse sources, when there can be no doubt of the circumstances themselves. There is no question here of fabricated evidence. While the simulation of evidence by perverting or inventing circumstances is a device of all fabricators from the time of the exhibition of Josephquot;s coat to Jacob, the noting the mole on Imogenquot;s snow-pure breast, the smearing by Lady Macbeth of the groomsquot; faces with blood, and the use of the handkerchief by Iago, are done with legal craft, and form Shakespearequot;s judgement upon what is called circumstantial evidence, which after all the judicial cant upon the subject, such as the assertion that circumstances cannot lie, can be made the most illusory of all testimony; for while circumstances cannot lie, they can be feigned, invented, distorted, half-stated, misapplied, mistaken, or lied about with most infernal skill. It is upon circumstantial evidence so misunderstood that the claims of all impostors have been maintained from the falsi Neronis ludibrio which moved the hosts of Parthia to the pretensions of the claimant in the Tichborne case. The least mistake makes a ll the difference in the world. Suppose, for instance, that in the perspective of ages events should be so foreshortened that the years which cover Shakespearequot;s life-time and that of Milton should blend, it might be argued from the extracts from Comus, which are hereinafter set out, from an assumption that Shakespeare was an obscure and illiterate man, and from Miltonquot;s commanding intellectual force and erudition, that the latter wrote the plays in that heyday of his youth when, according to his own statement, he delighted in the sinuosi pompa theatri; or it might be maintained with nearly equal force that Shakespeare wrote Areopagitica or Paradise Lost in his later years, after he had forsaken the vanities of his youth, had become devout, and had thrown all the forces of his mighty intellect into the polemics incident to a great political and religious revolution. These considerations are also relevant to what it is intended to submit relative to the theory that Francis Bacon was Shakespeare. We can apply here the tests which decide our ordinary actions, and which in courts are found sufficient to adjudicate the most momentous questions. In the daily conduct of our lives we act upon the results of a calculation of probabilities. Analyse Shakespeare's use of dramatic and poetic effects EssayMiltonquot;s epitaph upon Shakespeare stands in the folio of 1632. In 1637 we find him writing from London the first elegy ad Carolum Deodatum, in which he informs his friend how his time is spent, and attests his habitual attendance at the theater: Excipit hinc fessum sinuosi pompa theatri, Et vocat ad plausus garrula scene suos. Seu catus auditur senior, seu prodigus haeres, Seu procus, aut posita casside miles adest, Sive decennali foecundus lite patronus Detonat inculto barbara verba foro! Saepe vafer gnato succurrit servus amanti, Et nasum rigidi fallit ubique patris; Saepe novos illic Virgo mirata calores, Quid sit amor nescit, dum quoque nescit, amat. Sive cruentatum furiosa Tragoedia sceptrum Quassat, et effusis crinibus ora rotas, Et dolet et specto, juvat et spectasse dolendo. Interdum et lacrymis dulcis amaror inest: Seu puer infelix indelibata reliquit Gaudia, et abrupto flendus amore cadit: Seu ferus e tenebris iterat Styga criminis ultor Conscia funereo pectora torre movens. The last four lines have been thought to refer to Romeo, and to Banquoquot;s ghost or to the one in Hamlet. Comus is filled with undisguised borrowings from Shakespeare. Ere the blabbing eastern scout The nice morn. is Shakespearequot;s Gaudy, blabbing, and remorseful day. The possessor of chastity is alad in complete steel; so is the ghost in Hamlet. With Milton philosophy is musical as is Apolloquot;s lute. With Shakespeare love is -as sweet and musical As bright Apolloquot;s lute strung with his hair. Comusquot; dissertation on virginity is a manifest adaptation of Parollesquot; discourse upon that subject. Sabrina sets her printless feet Oquot;er the cowslipsquot; velvet head. And Prosperoquot;s elves on tile sands with printless feet Do chase the ebbing Neptune The spirit is another Ariel who can soar as soon To the corners of tile moon, like Hecate, who says that Great business must be wrought ere noon Upon the corner of the moon. These extracts have been adduced to show that Shakespeare was clearly seen by the greatest man of the next generation. Charles I. as sixteen years of age when Shakespeare died. Bacon dedicated to him his history of Henry VII. Shakespeare, in Macbeth, nobly magnified the house of Stuart by a prophecy of its perpetuity. The works of Shakespeare were the closet companion of Charles, who was reproached for this by Milton at a time when the fierce zealots of re bellion had come to look upon the drama as sinful. Falkland was Charlesquot; councillor, and it is from him that we have respecting Caliban the first critical estimate extant of any character in Shakespeare. And yet from prince, king, courtier, poet, or scholar, we hear no hint which can give this modern theory the slightest support. Bacon was actively engaged in the court of chancery for many years before he became lord chancellor. It was then that the memorable war of jurisdiction was waged between Ellesmere and Coke, and yet there is not in the works of Shakespeare, to the best of my belief, a single phrase or word, much less any application of any principle, peculiar to the chancery. Shakespeare dedicated Venus and Adonis, and the Rape of Lucrece, to the Earl of Southampton, with strong expressions of affection, and it is a tradition that he was munificently treated by that nobleman. No one has ever denied that the author of these poems is also the author of the plays. But if Bacon was Shakespeare, it is incredible that within a few years the former should have appeared as volunteer counsel against Essex and Southampton in that trial which has so stained Baconquot;s name, or that he should have undertaken afterwards, in his Declaration of the Treason of Robert, Earl of Essex, the task of proving the complicity of his friend and patron in that conspiracy. It is also remarkable that in this same production, in order to fasten guilt upon the conspirators, Bacon lays especial stress upon the fact that the afternoon before the rebellion, Merick, with a great company of others, that afterwards were all in the action, had procured to be played before them the play of deposing King Richard the Second. Neither was it casual, but a play bespoken by Merick; but when it was told him by one of the players that the play was old, and that they should have loss in playing it, because few would come to it, there were forty shillings extraordinary given to play it, and so thereupon played it was. So earnest was he to entirely satisfy his eyes with the sight of that tragedy, which he thought soon after his lordship should bring from the stage to the state, but that God turned it upon their own heads. If Francis Bacon wrote Richard II, it was a piece of matchless effrontery for him to maintain that his own production had been displayed as a counterfeit presentment in aid of a treason in which his friend was engaged. And in the face of all this and much more we are asked to believe that Bacon, colluding with Shakespeare, practiced this stupendous imposture for nearly twenty-five years, and that it was undetected and unsuspected until after more than two centuries had passed away. If we look to the intrinsic evidence wrenched and misapplied by conjecture from the treasures which these men left to us, we find nothing but a foolish and extravagant spirit, full of forms, figures, shapes, objects, ideas, apprehensions, motions, revolutions, begot in the ventricle of memory, nourished in the womb of pia mater, and delivered upon the mellowing of occasion. Part Five Introduction to The Law in Shakespeare Baconquot;s prose has less rhythmus than Hookerquot;s or Raleighquot;s. We have specimens of his versification. He translated seven of the psalms into English verse, and here is his first verse: Who never gave to wicked reed A yielding and attentive ear; Who never sinnerquot;s path did tread Nor sat him down in scornerquot;s chair, But maketh it his whole delight On law of God to meditate, And therein spendeth day and night, That man is in a happy state. Sternhold could not make this worse. Compare it with the crudest lines Shakespeare ever wrote. The differences between these most august of intellectual beings are manifest. Both were sages; one was a poet, the other a philosopher. It is the difference between Homer and Plato. Both had great imaginations, but Baconquot;s was a reasoning imagination, which disclosed its logical processes. That of Shakespeare was intuitive, and left little trace of its trackless paths of development. It is the difference between two continents of vast area, watered by great and fertilizing rivers, full throughout of naturequot;s wonders; but one is temperate, orderly, subject to little variation, while the other is tropical, ravaged by storms, the home of the greatest beauties sleeping in the very dens of the greatest terrors, and both beneficent and enduring. Each was a discoverer. But Bacon made his quest in the material world, while Shakespeare voyaged through the mind and soul of man and reached their destinies. One is the Columbus and the other the Dante of thought. The results have been different. The intrepid experimental investigation of causes upon which Bacon insisted as the only force which could break down the prison walls of knowledge, placed thought upon a line of logical consequences leading directly to much that we now enjoy so completely of social, political, and religious rights. This is the greatest boon ever bestowed upon humanity by one man. Baconquot;s genius triumphed in his closet over the servility of his disposition, and, so triumphing, impelled the race to results to which he, living, never could have led it. The consequences which have flowed from Shakespeare have been even more diffused. They are not mere results. The man and his effects live and touch persons. His works are known to all men. Baconquot;s are known to few. Bacon is to us impersonal precisely where his influence is greatest, and is real where he has ceased to act. We know the supple courtier, the false friend, the pliant lawyer, and the corrupt judge. But the philosopher, in the midst of whose system we stand to-day, is nearly an ideal conception. Shakespeare, colorless as he is in all that regards material knowledge or political and religious rights, is with us always; speaks to us every day; interprets us to ourselves; is immanent in our literature as its presiding spirit. Bacon little knew or suspected that there was then existing the only one that ever did exist his superior in intellectual power. Position gives magnitude. While the world was rolling above Shakespeare, he was seen imperfectly. When he rose above the world, it was discovered that he was greater than the world. The most honest of his cotemporaries would scarcely have admitted this, even had they known it. But vast objects of remote altitude must be looked at a long while before they are ascertained. Ages are the telescope-tubes that must be lengthened out for Shakespeare, and generations of men serve but as single witnesses to his claims. Landor. The strongest proof that Shakespearequot;s legal knowledge was very great consists in the confident and cumulative use of these terms, not only in the general fact that they so recur in every play, in all the poems, and even in the dedications, but also in their exhaustive use in many passages where to explain some principle, to carry out some comparison or analogy to its likeness to the finest lines and features of the thought, to push some conceit to the remotest extravagance, so that it is necessary for a well-read lawyer to make special investigation into the law and statutes of that time before he can follow it, Shakespeare exhausts the capacity of the terms he employs. We turn from these exhibitions of thorough technical skill to see whether he displays anything like such familiarity in other departments of knowledge. We find little that tends to show proficiency in medicine, and this is everybodyquot;s science. In geography he is as perfectly without location as his still vexq uot;d Bermoothes, which no research has been able to map. No dogma stains his plain belief in Him who was nailed For our advantage to the bitter cross. With time and place his tricks are more magical than that by which Puck girdled the earth in forty minutes. He is utterly indifferent to the devil and hell-fire, excepting in Henry VI. in Hamlet, and in that terrific use of the witches in Macbeth, who seem to have received from him a power beyond their own to call up from futurity the coroneted baby-brows, the two-fold balls, and treble scepters. In music he discloses little technical learning, although he could make the concourse of sweet sounds quire with the young-eyquot;d cherubim, so divinely was his soul attuned who expressed the whole compass of our language in harmonies which we hear from him only. We find little knowledge of tactics or maneuvers and less of nautical terms, although it was an age of wars by land and sea, and his works are filled with soldiery. There is next to nothing of the ancient philosophies; not one of Platoquot;s glorious and cloudy dreams was ever smitten by the light of this glorifying sun. The wonder at this use of legal expressions is not so much that Shakespeare understood them so well, as it is that the man who commanded the most copious vocabulary that any English writer has ever been able to wield, should have used them with such persistence. Surely he did not need them as instruments of expression. His resources in the treasuries of words were too vast for that. These law terms were present in his mind as standards of comparison with things which nothing but his own despotic imagination could have brought into relevancy. I know of no writer who has so impressed into his service the terms of any science or art. They come from the mouth of every personage: from the queen; from the child; from the Merry Wives of Windsor; from the Egyptian fervor of Cleopatra; from the love-sick Paphian goddess; from violated Lucrece; from Lear, Hamlet, and Othello; from Shakespeare himself, soliloquizing in his sonnets; from Dogberry and Prospero; from riotous Falstaff and melancholy Jacques. He utters them at all times as standard coin, no matter when or in what mint stamped. These emblems of his industry are woven into his style like the bees into the imperial purple of Napoleonquot;s coronation robes. It may be suggested that this figure, so frequently woven into Shakespearequot;s diction, may test whether certain plays, which have been attributed to him, come from other hands than his. Thus, I have little doubt that Sir John Oldcastle, if not wholly written by him, bears the imprint of his golden hand. The passage concerning the royal buck, the scene where Harpool forces the sumner to eat the citation he has come to serve, and the other legal phrases, taken together, seem to indicate this. If he did not compose the entire play, he mingled in its composition, like a skillful teacher who corrects the awkward execution of a pupil, by letting his hand fall for a moment upon the keys to strike chords of recognized harmony. The soundest English and German critics agree that he wrote the first act of the Two Noble Kinsmen, and that the rest of the play is by Fletcher, who took the organ from the master after the prelude had filled the arches of the imagination with its melody. If the first act is tested by comparison with all that follows it, we have the results we should expect in such familiar expressions, as the tenor of thy speech, prorogue, fee, moiety, canon, seal the promise. Legal learning and language are essentially unpoetical, and the other dramatists of that time were sparing in their use. Ben Jonson was a scholar. He delighted in the exhibition of accurate nowledge, but he does not approach the precision or ease of his great contemporary in his representations of legal proceedings, or in his use of legal terms. An examination of the court scene in the Fox will establish the truth of this remark. Fletcher had been a student at Cambridge, and Beaumont at Oxford. The latter was the son of a ju dge of the court of common pleas, and was himself bred to the law. But we can find in their works no such disposition or facility in the use of law terms, or the procedure of the courts. In the Little French Lawyer, La Wit, who turns duelist and challenges everybody, including the venerable judge who has ruled against him, uses little of the vocabulary of his vocation. In the Spanish Curate, the lawyer Bartolus is a very important character, and considerable legal knowledge appears in his sayings and doings, particularly in the scene where his debtors sit down to the feast he has made for them, and are arrested for debt by the waiters, who are disguised officers, under warrants which appear as the only repast upon the plates when they are uncovered, but the performance is broad, and has not the incidental accuracy which appears again and again in Shakespeare. So Massinaer in the Old Law, brings to trial the unfilial son and the profligate wife, but the scene, as a forensic representation, is crude, lacks detail, and displays none of that pomp of justice which all courts of any dignity exhibit. The affiliation between the disciples of Themis and Thespis was a marked feature of those times. Many students of law forsook it and became dramatists. So common was this transition that Greene, in his Groatquot;s Worth of Wit, published before 1593, in a passage which has been thought to reflect directly upon Shakespeare, speaks of these re-enforcements to the play-writers as those who have left the trade of Noverint, know all men, etc. Sir Christopher Hatton wrote a play entitled Tancred and Gismund, and afterwards became lord chancellor. So noteworthy were these accessions from the law students that Ben Jonson begins the Poetaster, in which he lampoons a rival dramatist and the lawyers, with a scene between Ovid and his father, who detects the young law student writing plays and poems. There is so much similarity between the opening lines of the Poetaster Then when this body falls in funeral fire, My name shall live and my best part aspire, and Shakespearequot;s assertion of undying fame in the sonnet Not marble nor the gilded monuments Of princes shall outlive this powerful rhyme, that one is tempted to conjecture that Jonson intended to impersonate Shakespeare in Ovid; but the alluring supposition is too fanciful, for we know from Ovid himself that Saepe pater dixit, studium quid inutile tendes, Maeonides nullas ipse reliquit opes. * * * * * * * Non me verbosas leges discere, non me Ingrato voces prostituisse foro. John Shakespeare, coming to London, and detecting his son in the composition of plays, would have been a far better theme for an imaginary conversation than Landor chose when he gave us the examination of William Shakespeare before Sir Thomas Lucy for deer-stealing. Henry Wriothesly, to whom Shakespeare dedicated the first heir of his invention, was the grandson of a common-law lawyer, who was lord chancellor from 1544 to 1547. The relations of the most dramatic profession of real life to that which mimics life was then much like the construction of the amphitheater of Curio, which was elliptical, but built in equal sections, which could be revolved so that each became a theater, displaying a different spectacle, but could be turned in a moment into the unity of the original shape, and confuse two representations and two audiences. The inns of court were the scenes of spectacular dramas of great magnificence, the expenses of which were borne by the lawyers. These revels, as they were called, laid the best dramatic genius under contribution, and, though they have long since ended, the ancient sympathy has survived the insubstantial pageants and the actors, which have melted into thin air. It is not difficult to account for this intimacy. The dramatists of that time were unquestionably the most brilliant men who ever lived together in one city. Intellectual society was limited. The physicians have left no memorials. The stage was abhorred by the clergy. The editor was yet to come. But there was the bar, whose members knew life and human nature as they are, and who played their parts in all their real comedies and tragedies; university men, ripe and sweet with all classical learning, cynical and humorous, tainted with no cant. The taverns were the clubs. And thus it was that the most cultivated scholarship and the most brilliant imaginations of England met in encounters, which kindled into conflagrations of wit, humor, learning, ribaldry, and wisdom. There was everything in that romantic age to stir the imagination. There was a spirit of chivalry abroad which marched in quest of something more substantial than mouldy relics, and fulfilled vows sworn to something grander than the achievement of pious absurdities. Frobisher had sailed northward into the silence of the eternal seas of ice. E1 Dorado lifted against the western skies its shafts and domes of gold. The Armada had vanished like a portentous phantom, smitten by the valor of Englishmen, and chased far off into the Hebridean fogs by the waves of the exasperated sea, which fought for its island nursling. Hawkins, pirate and admiral, had thrown his fortune into the pit which threatened to swallow up his country, and had died under the displeasure of his stingy yet magnificent queen. Raleigh, having seen his dreams of the new world die out, lay in the Tower, writing his history, doubtless smoking the consoling weed, while awaiting the end of so much bravery, so much rashness, and so many cares, in the summons of eloquent, just, and mighty Death. Drake had spoiled the seas and the cities thereof. Captain John Smith had told of great empires in the west, and their swarthy emperors. Mary, Queen of Scots, that changeful enchantress, as we see her now, at one time the French lily, all sweet, and pure, and fragrant; and again the Scottish thistle, spinous and cruel to all who touched her, had woven the cords of love into the chains of empire, and had pressed the cup of her sorceries to the lips of many men, until her own glorious head bowed to -the long divorce of steel. History, among all the women who have been crowned with the thorns of sorrow, presents no figure of which Shakespeare could have made so much. But what could any dramatist do for her in the life-time of Elizabeth, or in that of the pusillanimous and unfilial Sawney who succeeded her? A reverend church had been subverted throughout the land, and beliefs and ceremonies, which its believers asserted to be as old as the apostles, were forbidden as crimes. Hooker, anticipating Locke, had declared that all governments exist by the consent of the governed, without which consent there were no reason that one should take on him to be lord or judge over another. Bacon, thinking that the knowledge whereof the world is now possessed, especially that of nature, extendeth not to the magnitude of works, had declared that there should be one method of cultivating the sciences and another of discovering them, and by this fiat liberated experimental philosophy into the limitless fields in which it has since worked. There never was a time when so many causes confederated to stimulate the human mind to the exhibition of its greatest powers in all departments, and the result was that the soldier became a historian, the divine a statesman, the statesman a philosopher, and the lawyer the first of poets.

You Won’t Believe What These HS Seniors Were Asked On A College Interview

Youre prepared for your college interview, or so you thought. Just as you were finishing your well rehearsed answer to what you will bring to the college community?, your college interviewer stumps you with a question you never saw coming. Youve heard of these stories before, and we bring to you some of the most random, and weirdest college interview questions ever. Senior from Davidson High School:â€Å"Do you want to take a horse (if you own one) to college with you?† Senior from BASIS Phoenix:â€Å"What is your opinion on infantacide?† Senior from Troy High School:â€Å"Do you believe in the Loch Ness monster, and why?† For next week, we want to know whats the strangest thing youve heard on a college tour! Let us know in thissurveyfor a chance to be featured and win a $10 Amazon Gift Card.

Health Promotion among Diverse Populations Essay Essays

Health Promotion among Diverse Populations Essay Essays Health Promotion among Diverse Populations Essay Essay Health Promotion among Diverse Populations Essay Essay In discoursing wellness publicity among diverse populations. this writer has selected the Latino population to demo wellness position in respects to the national norm. Harmonizing to the U. S. Census Bureau. as of July 2013. their estimation is that there are around 54 million Hispanics that live in the United States. This represents 17 % of the entire U. S. population which makes them the largest cultural minority. It is estimated that by 2060. they will turn to around 128. 8 million ( 31 % ) of the U. S. population. Harmonizing to the U. S. Census Bureau in 2012. the Latino population of which 23 % were in either simple or high school ; and merely 6. 8 % were in college. Besides. merely about 29. 1 % lacked wellness insurance. Spanish americans were 43 % more likely non to hold wellness coverage than that of 13 % of non-Hispanics who lacked wellness coverage. Harmonizing to the CDC ( Center of Disease Control ) . when measuring the wellness position that this group perceived themselves by 10. 3 % of being in carnival or hapless wellness. Mortality rates were hard to compare as the coverage on the cultural group was non ever set on the decease certification. However. the decease rate from Diabetes is 40. 5 per 100. 000 for Blacks. which is dual that for the white population which 19. 9 is. The rate for Hispanics is 27. 7. Health Disparities/ Barriers Harmonizing to the CDC. wellness disparities are spreads in wellness results or determiners between sections of the population. â€Å"Many wellness disparities are related to societal determiners of wellness. the conditions in which people are born. turn. unrecorded. work and age. Designation and consciousness of differences among populations sing wellness determiners and wellness results are indispensable stairss toward cut downing wellness disparities. † ( CDC Health Disparities and Inequalities Report-U. S. . 2013 ) . We need to be cognizant of the disparities of our patient population in order to be able to supply the instruction and resources needed to better wellness publicity and bar for them. Some of the disparities among the Latino population are instruction. cost. linguistic communication. and bar. In respects to instruction. a larger per centum that of non-Hispanics did non complete high school and hence many are unable to read and compose adequately to acquire the information that they need. Besides. a high per centum don’t speak English and they are unable to pass on with wellness givers. particularly if there is no 1 to interpret. Since a big per centum has non graduated from high school. they are in low income a occupation which puts them in less than the federal poorness degree. and are more likely to be in bad places. Besides. Spanish americans are more likely to be unemployed as compared to non-Hispanics. Due to their low-income. Hispanics are less likely to seek medical attending because of cost. They will supply medical attention for their kids foremost and themselves last. Many usage place redresss handed down through the coevalss. With respects to blood force per unit area control. which could be regulated in a clinic visit. merely a little per centum had blood force per unit area control as compared to non-Hispanics. Barriers to these disparities need to be assessed and intercessions need to be developed and implemented to better wellness for these populations. Some of the barriers noted were linguistic communication. income. educational degree and cultural beliefs. There are interlingual rendition tools ( phones. transcribers ) available ; we merely necessitate to use what is available. By using these tools. persons will be more likely to travel to the physician. since they will be able to understand the information given. However. we as wellness suppliers need to be non-judgmental and accepting of these persons. Financial concerns are a large portion. most province that they can non afford interventions. medicines. supplies. and dietetic alterations. This is due in portion that most are below poorness degree. By measuring their demands. so researching what plans are available for them. There are medicine aid plans available. some from the infirmaries and some from the pharmaceutical companies. Many pharmaceuticss now have $ 5 and 10 $ medicines for 30 to 90 yearss. This can be a major aid. Transportation system can besides be a barrier ; if they don’t have a manner to acquire to assignments so they don’t acquire the appropriate followup. Puting up clinics in the community is a manner to increase patients doing it to assignments. Besides. in some communities. public transit coachs will travel and pick up patients from their place and take them for assignments and convey them back place. Education is another barrier. with most non completing high school. they are non able to read and compose good or non at all. or non in English. When developing an educational plan for these persons. we need to take into history how they learn and what types of media do we necessitate to utilize. Approachs to Health Promotion There are three attacks to wellness promotion/ bar: primary. secondary and third. Primary is considered wellness publicity and specific ways to forestall unwellness such as immunisations. Secondary is describes as early diagnosing and intervention. And third is focused on reconstructing wellness and rehabilitation if needed. While primary would be good. this writer believes that the focal point should be on secondary bar. Supplying testing activities such as wellness carnivals. for these persons can and will take to early diagnosing. We need to guarantee that the Latino population are respected and supply them with the tools needed to advance health. Due to high cost of wellness attention and with many non holding insurance. most wait till they need to travel to the exigency room for attention. This pattern most likely leads to placing unwellness at a ulterior phase and therefore necessitating more intense therapy to obtain degree of health. In decision. there needs to be trust established partnership in the attention between patient. household and wellness attention suppliers. Besides. disparities need to be taken off or at least reduced to be able to supply the best preventable and early attention as possible to all. Mentions Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Office of Minority Health and Health Equity. November 26. 2014. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol ; //www. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. gov/minorityhealth/index. hypertext markup language Centers for Disease Control/National Center for Health Statistics: July 14. 2014. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. gov/nchs/fastats/hispanic-health. htm Centers for Disease Control 24/7: Salvaging Lifes. protecting people. October 28. 2014. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. gov/minorityhealth/populations/REMP/hhispanic. html Summary Health Statistics for the U. S. Population: National Health Interview Survey. 2012. Critical Health Statistics. Series 10. Number 259. December 2013 Center for Disease Control: Health Disparities and Inequalities Report- U. S. 2013. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Cen ter for Disease Control and Prevention. gov/minorityhealth/CHDIReport. html Edelman. Kudzman and Mandle ; Health Promotion throughout the Life Span. edition 8. 2014. Chapter 1.

Public Relations - interview with a facility manager of the nursing Essay

Public Relations - interview with a facility manager of the nursing home - Essay Example So I presented myself in Mr. Russell's chamber in the nursing home. He appeared to be an amicable man of perfection and he answered all my questions with patience. According to Mr. Russell, Mother Mary Nursing Home was very small as its former infrastructure is concerned. There were just 20 beds and 2 chambers for doctors. Today the whole scenario presents above 200 beds and 15 private chambers for the doctors. Like any other nursing home or hospital there are both outdoor and indoor facilities. People can come for personal check ups by the physicians who attend the outdoor section. On the other hand, there are also facilities for the patients who are directly admitted in the nursing home. As a Facility Manager, it is Mr. Russell's duty to look after whether the patients are getting all the facilities for which the authority has promised to them. He mentions some of the facilities that are unique in this nursing home and he further adds that these unique features have helped the nursing home to ensure its popularity. First of all there is an insurance facility every patient, which is very rare in the nursing homes. The patient can apply for the insurance with a certain amount of money that has to be deposited in the nursing home bank. This also helps the patients to get facilities in case they are admitted in future. Insurances are also helpful if someone from their families is admitted there. Mother Mary Nursing Home keeps all the tracks of the past records of the patients who are admitted here. These computerized records are very helpful to the doctors in case someone is admitted again in the future. Physicians can get all the details about the medical history of the patient and this helps in the process of diagnosis. There is free breakfast in every morning for the patients and tea and coffee for the visitors. The nursing home authority makes it a point so that no issue regarding the hygiene of the patient can be raised. The foods are healthy and applicable for all the patients no matter what disease they are suffering from. There are also special arrangements for the patients whose conditions are more critical than the others. All the patients are kept in separate rooms and there is no dormitory in the nursing home where privacy of the patients may get disturbed. Attendants are very regular in their job. All the rooms are cleaned up from time to time. Hygiene is in the culture of the nursing home and this is why patients are highly satisfied with the kind of services they are provided with in this organization. Politeness and cooperative nature of the attendants is focused so that the patients never feel lonely in this building. This homelike situation is the main thing which has brought success to Mother Mary Nursing Home. When asked about the financial expenditure of the nursing home Mr. Russell clearly said that they always try that services from this organization should be within the reach of the middle class people who arrive here for treatment. Of course some of the bills may seem to be expensive to them but when someone looks back to the kind of atmosphere and extra facilities which he/she had

Recent Credit Problems in the Financial Markets Essay

Recent Credit Problems in the Financial Markets - Essay Example Certainly, since then, this crisis gave way to far-reaching alterations in the Western economies. Still a wide range of questions remain unanswered. People still doubt as to the possible outcome of the integration of international economies and the potential limitations of the free market system in the times to come (Larry, Teather & Treanar 2010). During the beginning of the credit crunch in the financial markets, commoners and experts doubted as to the validity of the capitalism in a highly globalized and interdependent world (Larry, Teather & Treanar 2010). The effigies of bankers were put to flame in mass protests. The skyrocketing interest rates in the United States pushed many middle-class homeowners affiliated to sub-prime mortgages to default on their financial commitments towards their lenders. The news eventually spread like a raging and uncontrollable wildfire as the banks and financial institutions desperately cringed from extending further loans. The statutory bodies and organizations started to pump massive funds into their economies to breach the fast-widening crisis of trust in the financial markets. The small investors begin queuing before the local bank branches to withdraw their savings and investments at the earliest. The situation was marked by a sense of chaos, right from the domestic kitchens to the plush offices of the top-notch banks.The ramifications of the drying up of credit sources were immense. Banks and financial institutions collapsed like packs of cards.

Health Disparities in African Americans

Health Disparities in African Americans Despite the continuous improvement and attention to the entire health of Americans, the African Americans are prone to more chronic health problem as compared to other races. The disparities are multi-variant and are contributed by numerous issues such as the social, economic status and the lifestyle behaviors. The heart and cancer disease are the major leading causes of death among the African Americans aged from 18years as per the 2002 census. In 2009, health expenditure of USA reached $2.5 trillion, but despite the tremendous increase, there exists a disproportionate health condition that is defined according to ethnic and racial lines. Though the causes related to disparities in health are diverse, it remains significant to understand the part played by the social-economic status in the health of an individual. People experiencing low economic status can be characterized by poor sanitation, poor housing, poor working conditions and unbearable social environment (Airhihenbuwa and Liburd 3). Moreover, issues of inadequate health care resources and poor health care system, accessibility that impact the health directly or indirectly are evidenced in communities where economic instability exists. Among the African Americans, the effects of poor economic status are pronounced with mortality and morbidity remaining high in America. The African Americans have the highest level of obesity in America with 58% of the men and 59% of the women being either overweight or obese. An overweight person is a 2-6 time likely to experience high blood pressure as compared to normal weight. This can be substantiated by the continuous increase of African American suffering from health problems related to obesity, such as hypertension, high cholesterol, and stroke among other problems. As per the American Heart Association, cardiovascular disease ranked as number one in killing the African American as compared to the other races as a result of their lifestyle and the poor economic status that subject them to poor health conditions. It is documented that 36% of the African American deaths are caused by cardiovascular disease which is more than 290000 people who die each year (BRANNON 214). The smoking behavior among the African American is high as compared to other races living in America and is associated with an increase of dis ease manifestation since it raises the blood pressure overworking the heart as it tries to maintain the blood flow. The culture of African American also facilitates to health disparities among the races (Braithwaite, Austin and Taylor ). The tradition of the African American revolves around the family, interacting and sharing, which mainly centered on foods that have high levels of fat, calories and thus these people are less concerned about health consequences. Intervention plan The intervention purpose to reduce the racial and ethnic disparities that exist in health among the Americans. The disparity in America has been extensively documented, and thus an intervention program is needed to reduce it, ranging from quality of care, language difficulties, and accessibility to health care and the insurance cover. The intervention plan revolves around a program designed to enhance equity as well as compelling the government to assess on policies that uphold health equity among the Americans. Equity, according to the Institute of Medicine is one of the major fundamental realms towards high-quality care. The plan purposes to encourage an integrated approach that is evidence based and adopt practices that can reduce the existing disparities. The plan aims to transform the health care in America and can be accomplished through the government focusing on the equitable distribution of healthcare amenities in all regions to ease the accessibility that has resulted to increased disparities. The effectiveness of pay for performance strategy need to be evaluated to ascertain the best mechanism to be adopted to enhance effective services. In terms of increasing the efficiency and accountability, the plan reflects on the well-being of the people. The economic status subject people in different classes and the disadvantaged people economically face the challenge of accessing the best health care services and thus a health insurance that is standardized need to be implemented to ensure the health care professional equality treats the patients. Sensitize the people on the importance of upholding various issues to ensure disparities in health is reduced. For instance, the African American need to understand their culture facilitate to disparities realized in America (Airhihenbuwa and Liburd). Through sensitizing on the importance of creating a culture of equity through ensuring the people understand disparities are problems and that they exist among themselves through their patients and thus a need for responsibility is required to address the issue as a way of accomplishing health equality in America. In advancing the health, safety and the wellbeing of the Americans, the plan reflects on the impact of the lifestyle adopted by the people facilitates the disparities in health care. America has different races with African American culture identified as vulnerable to attract numerous health issues. In this consideration, an awareness initiative to uphold activities towards better health services and low level of diseases need to be put in place. Initiating a system that facilitates a collaboration of all stakeholders to warrant an efficient system that will reduce the gap existing among the people as a result of cultures can be managed with a program focusing on equality among the American people. The importance of radical science and innovation is key considering the diseases that are causing increased mortality, and thus in terms of reducing the disparity, the plan encourage innovative mechanism to be adopted to ensure the treatment is available. This can be accomplished through strengthening the American health human resources and infrastructures. Awareness of the factors that influence the eating style in terms of how much and what an individual eats can assist in making the appropriate eating choices. In America food is adequate and this poses options of something to eat especially unhealthy eating. In my nutrition plan, the issue of routine remains a priority to ensure people, upholds balanced meal while the children learn the cultural and social skills (Braithwaite, Austin and Taylor ). Highlighting of unhealthy food and discouraging them and encouraging the consumptions of fruits and vegetables. Nutrition plan Ensure your daily meal upholds balance diet. On this part avoid pre-packaged, frozen, microwavable and any other unhealthy food. Timing is a key factor that needs to be observed on issues of food to avoid eating many times in a day. Take one breakfast, lunch and supper and a snack in a day and uphold this diet. For breakfast, you need to take a strong one to have the energy for the day and should be nutritious and uphold balanced diet. Lunch should uphold balanced diet and adequate as well as dinner with avoidance of snacks and unhealthy eating prevailing. Benefits of physical activities As reflected above the African American have problems with weight with a big percentage suffering from obesity. Obesity and overweight lead to energy imbalance where people consume more calories as compared to those being burnt. The calories burnt are determined by many factors such as age, gender, and body size among others, but the activities performed is the most variable factor. Activities can assist people to maintain weight, lose weight and keep it lowered the risk of heart diseases, hypertension, stroke, diabetes among others. Adopting this strategy among the African American community the level of health issues and the mortality rate will reduce significantly. To implement the strategy in an effective way can be through sensitizing the people through the available media sources on the importance of physical activities. Through this mechanism, adopting a foundation that aims at enlightening the African American on the importance of checking the weight and assisting them in various ways to activities they can engage into work on their body weight. Though the foundation might not reach every person, but the sensitization remains the key factor to manage body weight and other lifestyle activities that subject them to continuing health problems (Jackson 4). The issue of inadequate knowledge of the measures that can be upheld to enable an individual to overcome issues of obesity, overweight, hypertension and heart diseases that are heavily associated with the mortality of the African American and the entire pop ulation of America. The economic stability of African Americans is way down as compared to other races in the country, and thus the issue, taking precautions remain a vital issue, and a foundation can be in a position to facilitate accomplishment of this issue. The foundation is in a position to raise enough money that is required to enable the mobilization and sensitization of the people on the importance of clean environment. Cleanliness reduces the transmission of diseases, and thus, despite the few health amenities in this area, knowledge remain a substantial among the people to prevent themselves from diseases. The education will also involve the significance of balanced diet and observe the mode of feeding as a way to reduce health problems. The inadequate knowledge on the best diet to control the increasing of calories and cholesterols in the body requires this program to enlighten people on the best way to balance the physical activities and the calories taken. The foundation also understands th e gap that exists on the issue of understanding how insurance works and the importance of being insured either by the government or a private insurance company. Through the foundation that specifically focus on bettering and enlightening the people in the various ways, they can naturally avoid health issue could highly reduce the health problems aiming the African American community as well as the other communities in America. Conclusion Disparities in health care in America are relevant and requires substantial policies to reduce or even equate every person in the country. As reflected in the paper the African American are disadvantaged in various ways subjecting them to poor health care. However, the adoption of the right programs, equality, and health care services that fit all American can be attained. Airhihenbuwa, Collins O., and Leandris Liburd. Eliminating Health Disparities in the African American Population: The Interface of Culture, Gender, and Power. Health Education Behavior (2006): 3-14. Braithwaite, Ronald L, John N Austin and Sandra E Taylor . Health issues in the black community. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2013. BRANNON, LINDA. Health Psychology: An Introduction to Behavior and Health. Belmont: CENGAGE LEARNING, 2017. Jackson, Allen W. Physical Activity for Health and Fitness. Leeds : Human Kinetics, 2004.

From Servitude to Freedom in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Essay

From Servitude to Freedom in Jane Eyre   Ã‚   Charlotte Bronte's novel, Jane Eyre, skillfully reveals that Jane, the protagonist, has the qualities of endurance, valor, and vitality, yet she is refused self-contentment by the confined society in which she lives. Not only is this work a love story, but it is the tale of a young orphaned girl and her struggle for love and independence. Through the various environments Bronte provides, Jane oscillates between education and containment and also between freedom and servitude. Beginning at Gateshead, Jane has her first experience of containment in dealing with the Reeds. John Reed blatantly smothers Jane's space by treating her like a slave, and Mrs. Reed enslaves her in every way. Mrs. Reed treats Jane as a stepchild instead of a niece and oftentimes sides with her children even if Jane is right. For example, in the incident with John Reed, Jane is reading a book about birds and secretly wants to be able to fly away from all of the bad things at Gateshead. When John condemns Jane for reading "his" books, Mrs. Reed sends Jane to the Red Room even though Jane did not initiate the fight. The torturous experience for Jane becomes a type of containment in which she must obey her aunt and cousins, as a slave would obey his master. Jane feels then that she must resist everyone, Bessie, Miss Abbot, her cousins, and especially her aunt. She is urged by these same people to pray and repent and is locked yet again in an eerie room. Jane encounters another character, Mr. Lloyd, who attempts to degrade her by making fun of her for crying. Her physical containments, along with her mental ones, are coming to her one after another and take her to her limit. Jane deals with many emotions she fee... ...rlotte Bronte. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1990.    Jane Eyre. Dir. Franco Zeffirelli. Perf. William Hurt, Charlotte Gainsborough, and Anna Paquin. 1996    Jane Eyre. Dir. Julian Aymes. Perf. Timothy Dalton, Zelah Clarke. 1983    Kadish, Doris. The Literature of Images: Narrative Landscape from Julie to Jane Eyre. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1986.    Linder, Cynthia A. Romantic Imagery in the Novels of Charlotte Bronte. London: MacMillan, 1978.    McLaughlin, M.B. "Past or Future Mindscapes: Pictures in Jane Eyre." Victorian Newsletter 41 (1972): 22-24.    Peters, Joan D. â€Å"Finding a Voice: Towards a Woman’s Discourse in Dialogue in the Narration of Jane Eyre.† Studies in the Novel. 23 no 2. (1991): 217-36. Zonana, Joyce. â€Å"The Sultan and the Slave: Feminist Orientalism and the Structure of Jane Eyre.† Signs. 18 no 3. (1993): 592-617

Psychological Testing Essay

The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children measures simultaneous and sequential processing skills as well as subscales that measure academic achievement. The age range this test investigates is ages 2-12 years. There are ten mental processing subtests as well as six achievement subtests. Only three of the subtests are administered to all ages groups, making the sub-testing age-specific. The older the child in question, the longer the tests will take. The sequential processing scale measures short term memory and problem solving is organized around sequences. The simultaneous scale measures several problems that need to be solved at the same time. Achievement scales measure applied skills of the individual. b) Intelligence in children of preschool age is very unstable whereas their intelligence begins to stabilize as they reach school age. The assessment tools for infants are different to school-going children in the sense that they measure development rather than academic foundations. These tests measure how quickly the child is developing in terms of motor skills, linguistic development, adaptive behavior and social interaction. It has to be given that school-aged children have a higher vocabulary and language skill that can be better tested than the infant who is still using monosyllabic noises rather than words. Motor skills also develop more rapidly as well as reasoning skills. c) Mental age does not refer to the actual age of the person in question. A person with a mental age of 5 years may actually only be 4 years chronologically and vice versa. Due to this anomaly, data derived from IQ testing does not follow a bell-curve on data sheets. The deviation IQ is implemented to smooth out inconsistencies. Instead of actual scores, the person is allocated a percentile score so that it can be placed more realistically on a normal curve chart. Mental age does not necessarily increase over time in the same way that chronological age does and this age difference gradually decreases around adolescence. For these reasons a deviation IQ is used as opposed to actual raw scores. d) Originally named the Binet-Simon test, the Testing underwent several revisions over time with the most significant change being that it included the first Intelligence Quotient after 1916 when it became the Stanford-Binet test. The Binet-Simon test was initially used to determine the intelligence of retarded children, came to the conclusion that rather than portraying a chronological age, the children displayed a mental age instead. The 1986 version of the test include a wider perimeter sample group in order to decrease inequities that occurred in race and gender previously. It had been engineered for children alone but in 2003 was amended to accommodate adults as well. Design changes were made also to accommodate and measure behavior at age levels. e) Fluid and crystallized intelligence both form part of general intelligence. Fluid intelligence relates to reasoning and problem solving and is largely thought of as being independent of learning or experience. It is therefore an inherent or instinctual intelligence. Crystallized intelligence on the other hand refers to the intelligence that you gain from experience and what you have learnt in life. This intelligence is something that increases with age due to experiences and the assimilation of knowledge through what we have learned. Fluid intelligence therefore decreases with age and peaks during adolescence while crystallized intelligence will continue to grow. f) The general intelligence factor (g-factor) is meant to be a measurement of the persons overall intelligence. The two-factor theory was initiated by Spearman who derived a g-factor from two functions: a generalized ability and a specific ability. Therefore according to Spearman a person’s intelligence could be determined by a general intelligence as well as a specific intelligence (s-factor). Multi-factor intelligence theories implement the individual ability to be intelligent in various fields. Thurstone found that there were multiple areas in which a person could display intelligence and derived 7 factors that he called primary abilities: word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial concept, numerical facilitation, memory by association, reasoning and perceptual speed. g) Individual tests require one-one-one consultation and measure verbal and non-verbal abilities. The Stanford-Binet and the Wechsler tests both require this environment. Group tests are most often administered to large groups and do no require one-on-one consultation. These tests are most often aptitude tests or cognitive abilities. Scoring in these terms is most often more objective than in individual tests and also simplify the role of the coordinator. Group testing is not culture-specific as opposed to individual testing which can be more culturally loaded and also more subjective. It is not as easy to establish a relationship with the person in a group testing environment as it is when the person is tested individually. h) Army alpha and beta tests were prototypes initially used in group testing to place soldiers during the First World War. Alpha groups were those who were proficient in the English language. Those who were not initially considered alpha groups were those who were placed in beta groups who were intelligent but not native English speakers. This hypothesis was that people’s intelligence was inherited. This method was first used to identify where in the army the person was likely to be placed, given their responses to the tests and the results. The beta test decreased its use of verbal knowledge presumably because they are non-English and it used mainly pictographic references. i) Aptitude and achievement tests are both standardized. Aptitude testing assesses the ability of the person to learn in certain areas. These tests are developed in order to determine which field of proficiency the person is most likely to excel in. These also measure numerical and literal ability as well as mechanical and abstract reasoning. Achievement tests on the other hand measure how well a person has achieved a skill. It is mostly used to ascertain academic levels and therefore is useful in determining whether a person is inherently able to learn something or not. An aptitude test will be able to validate that a person is most likely to achieve highly in a certain area and not as highly in others. j) The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children is an individual test that does not require reading or writing. It measures verbal intelligence and response times which can be useful in the diagnosis of Attention Deficits or other such disorders/abnormal patterns. This form of testing is significant in that it supplies the coordinator with information as to how fast the child can assimilate and react to questions. It also ascertains the quality and efficiency of vocabulary as well as word processing. The test is significant also in that t determines the respondent’s concentration levels and possible problems in their attention span. This is useful in that answers require verbal reactions. k) Physical disability does not necessarily mean that there will be discrepancies in the IQ of the person. Testing a person who is deaf for instance, requires a different approach to testing as well as a different means for the test. These individuals need a non-verbal based test and verbal ability is therefore a non-entity in their testing. A blind person on the other hand will not benefit from spatially based tests or units that require sight. The tests used to identify IQ would have to be verbally based and not pictorial. This considered, a speech impaired individual will also not have the same verbal component as someone who is able to speak. However, this does not mean that a mute person is not able to understand verbal interjection. For this reason, the IQ test has to be tailored to the specific disability reflected by the individual. l) Certain cultures encourage some skills more than they do others. The culture fair test is non-verbal and does not therefore test linguistic understanding insomuch as if the person tested is not an English speaker, they cannot be expected to understand English word and sentence structure. The culture fair test therefore measures analytical and reasoning ability and makes use of abstract and unusual visual spatial pictographs. From this the spatial and pictorial representations are believed to be universal to all cultures and thus understood well from one culture to the next. It was initially meant to reduce cultural or ethnic bias that can be produced when a test is designed to be effect for a certain culture. It is also independent of educational foundations and therefore measures inherent skill rather than acquired skills. 2 a) Personality testing identifies certain traits inherently part of an individuals psychological make-up. These tests basically help you determine what personality attributes you have and therefore help to identify what career types may be more pertinent to whom. Aspects of the personality often denote what particular attributes the personality has and thus what lifestyle s better suited to whom. Jung and Myers-Briggs typology identify different personality types that are said to help the individual determine their best career path. The ability test measures a person’s ability to learn new skills and also their potential in certain fields. Ability tests also seek to ascertain what the person has learnt or assimilated in terms of whatever they are studying, for example, school tests. b) Personality traits are characteristics of the individual and certain personality qualities that are inherent to the person. There are theories that propose that all traits are present in all people but to varying degrees (lesser or more). Idiographic personality trait view maintains that each person has a unique psychological structure that is not shared by anyone else. For this reason, it is impossible to compare any two people. The nomothetic view however, sees people as unique in their combination of traits. This means that while they do share personality traits to various degrees this can be compared by degrees of each trait in comparable people. c) Items are chosen depending on the specific group that is being studied. For example, screening of normal behavior in police officer applicants will be given items that pertain to the criminal justice system. The group is split into two: one group is what the coordinator would think of as displaying abnormal reactions/behavior and the other would be normal. Items are distributed equally in both groups and reactions towards the stimuli are recorded. The empirical criterion key does not assume that respondents are able to observe their own behavior but rather sees the objects or items as stimuli that require a response. Those they believe to be normal are used as a scale by which abnormal behavior can be compared. d) Forced-choice format gives a more well-rounded result then standard testing. The forced choice format basically allows the respondent one of two statements that they most likely agree with. The advantage of this is that it not only gives an accurate representation of reality, but it prevents the choice from becoming monotonous. It is easier to score these kinds of questions than if the respondent was asked multiple choice questions. As a design this format prevents the respondent from being consciously manipulated and therefore makes sure that the answers are truthful. This form of questionnaire is also shorter, preventing the individual from becoming tired and losing focus on the questions that are being asked. This prevents answers from becoming distorted. e) Response sets or response style refers to the person’s propensity to answer the same response for all or most of the questions. For instance, if the person responded ‘yes’ to the above question and then ‘yes’ again, regardless of the nature of the question. This is usually counterbalanced in tests because there are times when the person is biased towards a certain question based on its contents. Counterbalancing this response requires the same question to be asked in a different way and later in the questionnaire. This situation of response bias is also termed ‘acquiescence’ as the person performs this unconsciously or with lack of interest in the nature of the questions. f) Factor analysis is used to describe variables in a research situation. For instance, we have a research questionnaire that we now have to translate into data specific terms. We have the variables that were studied and the scores for each variable. In psychometric intelligence testing we could have any number of variables that determine the overall factor. An example of this would be that while we are aware that there are multiple factors within the intelligence study, all these factors contribute to the g-factor or general intelligence factor. In this case ‘g’ is the only factor that is common in all persons. What this analysis does is ascertain what particular factors which people are most affiliated with. Basically we could determine which factor is specific to which person. g) Objective self reporting methods of personality assessment is based on standardized questionnaires with limited responses available as well as a fixed scoring system. It is based on nomothetic principles and is therefore less ambiguous then the progressive methods. Progressive personality assessment techniques use intuitive responses and the intuitive scoring is also use. This personality assessment is based on idiographic principles which make it entirely different to the objective method. The problem with progressive techniques is that there is no fixed scoring system, however the problem with the objective method is that it does not leave room for intuitive or interpretive responses which are natural human conditions. h) Word association tests require the coordinator to present the group or person with a word. The person responds to this with the first word that comes to mind. This is a free association and therefore does not give the person the chance to think about their answer. A table measures the test word, the response time and the response. Responses to the words can be either the opposite in meaning; an association with the word (green-yellow); or even a definitive answer. The basis of this test is that it provides a pattern of how the individual sees words and how they associate with things. The association of about 100 words will give the coordinator a pattern of response that can be determined as normal, abnormal or as an anomaly. Most people will have a set pattern of responses. i) The interaction between a need and a press is called a thema. There is a need that is ensued by a press. To simplify this, Murray identified 28 needs and forces that press them into fruition. This makes the relationship interactive and determined by this interaction is the thema. The thema therefore can be linked to other units of these interactions to form serial thema. The greatest portion of the persons thema is dependent on the amount of press and needs that are present in that specific thema. This theory is used to determine personality types that are identified by specific needs and forces of press. Murray conducted this typology on Adolf Hitler in order to ascertain the needs and forces that culminated in his erratic behavior. j) Interest inventories conduct in-depth investigation into a person’s likes and dislikes and this helps to determine what type of career path is best suited to the individual. Clearly you should not study or undertake careers in which you would have to partake in activities you intensely dislike. Neither would it be advisable to become involved in vocations that you are indifferent to. The key would be to become involved in a career that contains more of your inventories ‘likes’ than ‘dislikes’. These interest inventories help you to discover what it is exactly that you like or dislike. This particular form of inventory is highly related to personality in the sense that certain personalities are more likely to enjoy certain key activities. An example of this would be an artist or writer enjoying solitude in a way that an actor might not. 3 b) Test name: Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. Test uses: The Stanford Binet was initially indicated for the correct placement of children in educational settings. It is now one of the most widely used intelligence tests. It is useful for determining cognitive skills and intelligence in children and adults. Population test was designed for: As already stated, it was designed for children in educational settings in order to ensure that they were placed in the right class environment. Administration of test: The time it takes to administer this test depends on the age of the respondent and how many subtests are administered. It may take from 45-90 minutes standard but may take longer depending on the conditions at the time and the variables concerned. The respondent is timed at each subtest and is determined by estimated entry level. Timing is approximately 5 minutes per test. Depending on the age, the articles measured include: fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing and working memory. Characteristics of normative samples: The Stanford Binet normative sample reflect the 2000 U. S census and bias reviews are conducted on race, ethnicity, gender, religion and socio-economic status. Because it is a standardized test, normative or mean scores are derived per age group and the representative sample is matched to the individual standing. It was standardized on a national representative sample of 5 000 subjects. Reliability information: Reliability in this test is considered high. The internal median consistency score was . 97. Subtest reliabilities differ from age-group to age-group. Reliability coefficients ranged from . 91 to . 98, with coefficients for the five factor indices ranging from . 90 to . 92. Subtest coefficients ranged from . 84 to . 89. Validity information: correlations in the validity were considered high with an approximate value of . 90 compared to earlier Stanford Binet editions and high compared to other tests. Strengths of the test: This test can assist in the diagnosis of learning disabilities as well as determine the level of competency for young children compared to a normative structure. It can be used to determine developmental stages and knowledge and can be used in all age-groups from pre-school to adults. Weaknesses of the test: Due to the lack of co-operation sometimes shown in very young preschoolers the test results may not be indicative of true ability because of their lack of interest in partaking in the study. Different age-groups are administered different subtests which may also be considered a criticism in terms of its universal application.